The Russian literature of the 19th century is
full of duels. Duels figured prominently as subjects in important works by all
the major writers of the period: Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky,
Turgenev, and Chekhov. Duels also killed Pushkin at 37 and Lermontov (“the only
poet who might have compensated the Russian literature for Pushkin’s loss”) at
26! And yet, throughout this period duels were strictly prohibited and
(surviving) participants punished severely (including exile and demotion in
rank).
The popularity of duels is a puzzle. For one thing, Russia didn’t have the medieval
tradition of knightly jousts, which possibly accounted for the existence of
duels in Western Europe.
And just as these were replaced by non-lethal equestrian sports in England and France, in 17th century, lethal duels become pervasive in Russia in 18th and 19th centuries. Why?
And just as these were replaced by non-lethal equestrian sports in England and France, in 17th century, lethal duels become pervasive in Russia in 18th and 19th centuries. Why?
Before we try to answer this question, let’s note that there
is another country that had quite a few duels, especially in early 19th
century, without any traditions of jousting. Namely, the
US. After all, we had Burr killing Hamilton, Jackson being involved in
several, the Clay/Randolph duel, and even Lincoln coming close to being a party
to one.
Duels were affairs of honor: any nobleman whose honor was
impugned had to issue a challenge or face humiliation and ostracism. The notion
of honor was very important as a signal for keeping one’s word, “for having
one’s word be one’s bond.”
That was especially true in countries like the US or Russia,
which were very large and where populations moved around. One would extend
credit to “honorable” people only because one knew that if they didn’t pay it
back, the knowledge of the unpaid debt would become intolerable and would
require the debtor to put his life on the line. So in a way, let’s all be
grateful for the FICO scores.
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